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  Piezoelectric materials

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Piezoelectric materials are used for making devices that convert mechanical forces into electrical signals (direct piezo effect), electrical signals into mechanical forces (inverse piezo effect), or electrical signals into electrical signals (successive use of direct and inverse effects). Piezoelectric materials are ferroelectric compositions and their solid solutions, which are made by the synthesis (thermal treatment) of a mixture of different oxides, carbonates and salts of metals.

The bases of advanced piezoelectric materials are solid solutions of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) modified by different components and dopes.

There also produced Piezoelectric materials based on barium titanate (BaTi), lead titanate (PbTi), lead metaniobate (PbNb2O6) and vismut titanate (Bi4Ti3O12).

You can consult ELPA specialists on selection and application of piezo ceramic materials.

Essential properties of piezoelectric materials:
  • high value of the dielectric constant
  • presence of spontaneous polarization in some zones (domains)
  • presence of hysteresis loop in polarization-electric field and strain-electric field curves
  • dielectric constant increases with increase of temperature
  • ferroelectric properties disappear above a special point in dielectric constant - temperature curve (Curie point)
  • appearance of the residual polarization and a double electric layer on the surface of sintered samples after exposure to a strong electric field, which causes the display of the piezoelectric effect in the material (conversion of the mechanical energy into an electrical one and vice versa)

    In accordance with their application piezo ceramic materials can be classified into functional groups and sub-groups. Some piezoelectric materials are multifunctional; therefore they can be referred to several functional groups.

    Ferrosoft materials have low, medium and high values of dielectric constant. They are intended for high-sensitivity receivers and low-power emitters of sonic and ultrasonic signals when mechanical forces and electrical signals are not high and losses are not very important. The materials for making different types of actuators, sensors and transducers can be referred to this group.

    Ferrohard and medium ferrohard materials have different values of dielectric constant. They are suited for radiating/receiving ultrasonic devices, technological power ultrasonic devices, piezo transformers, piezo drivers and other power ultrasonic equipment. They can also be used for other ultrasonic devices where electrical signals and mechanical forces are high and losses play a very important role.

    High-stability materials are characterized by reduced and increased permittivity, increased temperature and time stability of elasticity constants, increased value of mechanical Q and different values of planar and thickness mode electromechanical coupling coefficient. They are intended for use in planar mode, thickness compression / tension mode and thickness shear mode SAW and bulk wave devices (filters, resonators, and gyroscopes).

    High-temperature materials are designed for sensors and other devices operating at temperatures higher than 250 °C.

    Materials having increased anisotropy of electromechanical coupling coefficients и различными сочетаниями других feature various combinations of characteristics and are intended for high-frequency emitters / receivers and sensors with low side lobes. These materials are applied in defectoscopy, thickness gauges, level meters and medical diagnostic equipment.

    Porous materials feature a wide temperature range and find the application in ultrasonic transducers, defectoscopy, thickness gauges, vibrations measuring, hydroacoustics and medical diagnostic and therapeutic equipment.

    Composite materials are used in piezoelectric transducers for ultrasonic defectoscopes and thickness gauges, in ultrasonic medical equipment diagnostic equipment, ultrasonic level and flow meters and 3D hydrophones.



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